Showing posts with label outdoor. Show all posts
Showing posts with label outdoor. Show all posts

15 January 2015

Where Do I Start When Designing a New RGB Pixel Project for My Holiday Display?

HolidayCoro receives a large number of questions each year from people that just don't know exactly where to start with the design of an RGB element (House Outline, MegaTree, arches, etc) and we can completely understand how overwhelming the process can be when just starting out.  After working with so many customers, we have come to see a fairly standard process emerge that can bring most customers through from "How do I" to "I did it!".  Please note that due to the complexity involved with each project, this article, as detailed as it is, does not contain 100% of the technical information needed for your project.  Please consult with your vendor for application specific advice.

Here is a broad overview of how that process works and listed below is a more detailed breakdown of each major task and what you should consider at each decision point.

(Click picture to enlarge)
Let's start with a few questions that you are likely to ask yourself as you read this:
  • I don't want to solder 
    • While there are some elements that lend themselves to full plug-n-play solutions, such as MegaTrees, other elements such as a house outline are 100% custom and since each house and design requirement is unique, it is almost a sure thing that you'll need to customize the hardware you purchase to meet your specific needs and this most often means - soldering and building items yourself.  So, consider this factor when picking the project you want to build.
    • To those that are worried about soldering - we have many of our own videos on the subject and YouTube is also filled with thousands more on the general process of soldering and we are almost sure that once your try it out, it won't be as hard as you though.
    • HolidayCoro also offers a number of products with strip and nodes (see below for what these are) that feature pre-soldered and attached waterproof connections.
  • What is a Pixel?
    • A Smart RGB pixel is a single light or a small group of lights (each themselves comprised of an Red, Green and Blue light), usually never more than 4 total lights, that are individually controlled much like a "pixel" in your computer screen.  That pixel can be any color (hundreds to millions) and can be directly controlled separate of the other pixels.  What a pixel is NOT is a full string of lights that all turn the same color, even if they are RGB, at the same time.  Pixels are ALWAYS individually controlled (within a small grouping of lights).  There is no such item as a "Dumb Pixel", all pixels are "Smart".
  • You are talking only about "smart" or "intelligent" pixels but what about dumb RGB?
    • A number of years ago, before the advent of super-cheap pixels and the availability of high pixel count controllers (E1.31 controllers), dumb was a reasonable direction to consider over smart pixels.  Fast forward to 2016, with prices for smart pixels and controllers generally running 20-30% more over dumb, it now makes little sense to go with dumb on most larger elements (house outlines, MegaTrees, arches) over smart pixels.  That said, there are still places dumb RGB makes sense but that area is growing smaller everyday.
  • What voltage should I use for my RGB lights?
    • The two most common RGB light voltages are 5v and 12v DC.  See our Knowledge Base article about the pro's and con's of using each voltage type and some common rules of tumb for each type of project and light type.
  • What pixel controller do I need for my project?
    • It is common for people to be concerned about controller selection early on in a project and what we find is - it just doesn't matter.  We say that you don't pick a controller, the controller picks you and that is because when you've properly defined your project as to design, power and pixel count, the possible choices of pixel controllers is usually pretty narrow and obvious.
  • I don't know anything about DMX - is this going to be hard?
    • If you are currently an LOR customer and you worry about "learning" DMX, it isn't hard at all.  There are only two things to learn about DMX:
      • A DMX Universe has up to 512 channels (or 170 pixels, each with 3 DMX channels).
      • A controller simply has a DMX start address for something (such as pixels) hooked up to it, so if you have a 24 channel controller and you set the controller up as DMX channel 1 in universe 1, the controller will use DMX channels 1-24.
      • That's how simple it is!
  • Can I hook up (daisy chain) E1.31 (AlphaPix controllers) with my LOR Controllers?
    • No - E1.31 (DMX over Ethernet) is a completely different signalling system than LOR controllers which use an older technology called RS-485 - not Ethernet which is used in E1.31.  To split the signal to multiple E1.31 controllers, use a cheap network switch.  For a complete list of all possible inter-operational solutions with LOR and DMX networks, see our Knowledge Base.

PICK A SINGLE PROJECT

It can be a bit overwhelming to see YouTube videos of amazing RGB displays and think - how do I get there?  Well, it starts with narrowing your choice to a single project or "element".  While it is important to think of the overall display design, such as where you might put arches, or a singing character or a MegaTree, once you decide on a given element, then you need to narrow your project to just that element.  Most often controllers, power and other factors are centralized to that specific element and thus stand alone from other elements in the display, so, building one element at a time most often makes the most sense.

There are many different elements you can pick from but the three most common RGB elements are:

Picking a single project will allow you to focus and get a win and make future RGB based projects much easier.

DETERMINE THE DESIGN

Once you've narrowed your choice to a selected element you want to build, you'll want to determine the specific design you want that element to have.  Design factors of some of the common elements include:
  • RGB Pixel House Outline
    • What areas of the house should you outline?
      • Roof?  
      • Gutter/fascia? 
      • Windows? 
      • Doors? 
      • Garage?
    • What type of lights do you want to use - strip / ribbon or bulbs?
  • RGB Pixel MegaTree
    • Where is the tree going to be located?  
      • Up against the house?  
      • On the corner out by itself?  
      • In the middle of the yard?
    • How large do you want it to be?  
    • Will it overwhelm the other parts of the display?
    • What type of lights do you want to use - strip / ribbon or nodes?
  • RGB Pixel Arches
    • How many arches?  
    • What length?  
    • What height?
Without a clear idea of the design, it is nearly impossible to properly determine what should come in the next steps.  Note that while there are some common questions listed above that you should be asking yourself, there are always many more that are specific your location, budget and even motivation.  Also note that at this point it can be hard to determine the cost of an element until the entire process is completed, so you may need to go through the entire process of design and specification, then return back to either scale up or down a project based on cost.

DETERMINE THE LIGHT TYPE

Asian Country Style Pixel Node Channel Letter Sign
Now that we have the question of where we should put the lights in or on our element, we need to determine the actual type of light we want to use to reach our design goal.  There are a number of different physical formats of RGB pixel lights on the market today, the major groups include:
  • Node
    • This type of pixel is native to the sign industry in Asia.  As where in the US we install LED lights in a channel letter sign and face the sign with acrylic, in Asia they often will use sheet metal instead of acrylic and fill this area with 12mm holes in which these nodes are mounted.  The holiday light community has adopted these nodes for their own uses outside of being mounted into a sign blank.
    • Other names or descriptions include:  bullet, flat, square, 8mm, 12mm, "string" (grouping of nodes)
    • Common traits include: A "neck" that is designed to fit into a ~12mm hole in ~1/32" thick sheet metal.
    • Examples of two major styles of these nodes are shown below:
            
"Bullet" Style Node with 8mm LED
Note the "Neck" for the 12mm Hole
"Flat" or "Square" Style Node with 8mm LED




  • Strip
    • Other names or descriptions include:  ribbon, flex-strip, tape, "CCR" or Color Cosmic Ribbon
    • Common traits include:  Flexible (also available in a rigid format but that is uncommon in holiday lighting since we mount it to a substrate), usually sold in meter long lengths coiled into "rolls".  Waterproof and non-waterproof "boots" - generally you can ignore "IP" ratings as they are often fake or misleading.
    • Pixel strip is normally defined by the meter length.  As such, you usually see pixel strip listed as: 30/10 or 30 LED/s per meter, 10 IC/s per meter.  These numbers define the strip construction and by these two major numbers:
      • LEDs per Meter (LEDs/m) -  For a given one meter (39 inches) length of strip, this says how many LEDs it contains.  For RGB strip, that LED is 5mm by 5mm in size, (most often called 5050's) each one which contains all three (RGB) LEDs.  So, 30 LED/m strip will contain thirty, 5050 LEDs, each which contains three individual color LEDS. Technically, this would mean that a 1 meter length section of 30LED/m would contain 90 individual LED lights.
      • ICs per Meter - This defines how many IC's or integrated circuits are located in a single meter of strip.  A much easier way to think of this is "Pixels per Meter" instead since what it really means is how many, individual lights or small groupings of lights can be individually controlled.  A common strip might have "10 ICs/m", so this means that in the 1 meter length there are 10 "sections" or pixels that can be controlled.  When the number of IC's is divided into the number of LEDs per meter, you know how many individual lights make up a group, if any.  For 30/10 strip, this would mean that over the 30 LEDs in that meter, every 3 LEDs makes up one "pixel".
    • When the LEDs and the ICs become the same number, such as 30/30 or 60/60, that means that each LED is directly controlled, not a group of LEDs.
    • Voltage - For strip, the absolute most common voltage is 12 volts.  It just works too well not to recommend it for the small price difference over 5 volts.  When you should be using 5 volt strip, you'll know.
    • Pixel strips come in a huge variety, the most common being 30/10 but also 30/30, 48/16, 60/20,60/60 and others.
    • Always purchase strip in a silicon "boot", we recommend without "injection" for easier soldering and repairs.  Strips with "silicon injection" are not necessarily stronger.
    • You might noticed that often 12v strips will come with 3 LEDs per pixel and there is a good reason for this - it allows the power to be run in series instead of parallel, improving the power efficiency of the strip.  Strips with 30/30 or 60/60 often have to have "buck" converters to reduce the voltage from 12v to 5v throughout the strip to accomplish the same thing and as a result, are more expensive - they also have limits on where they can be cut.
    • Here are some samples of RGB pixel strip shown below:
Section of pixel showing 48 LED/16IC strip
Note the two pixels are a group of 3 LEDs

        
48 LED/16IC Strip
30 LED/10IC Strip


Close up of an RGB 5050 (5mm x 5mm) LED
  • Modules
    • Other names or descriptions include:  square, rectangle, puck
    • Common traits include:  Many different types of RGB LEDS (5mm, 12mm, 5050, etc) mounted in a self contained housing of either plastic or metal.
    • Modules are often variations of strip or modules.  For example, a rectangle pixel module (see below) often is just a single pixel with the same type of LEDs (5050) and the same format of 3 LEDs but instead of being in a flexible strip, are instead mounted into a rigid housing with wire connecting the modules together.
    • Modules are typically used when pixels need to be mounted in many different directions, such as on curves, stars or in-fill
    • Here are some samples of modules below:
            
Rectangle Modules
Normally sold connected but can be cut apart
  • Bulbs
    • Other names or descriptions include:  Brilliant Bulbs (sold by HolidayCoro), CCB
    • Common traits include:  A diffused cover of either milky or clear plastic is placed over a variety of LED types (8mm and 5050's are common).
    • These are designed to mimic the look of "traditional" C7 or C7 bulbs.
    • Typically come with wire separating each pixel of a few inches to a foot.
    • As these bulbs are not "normal" C7 or C9 bulbs, mounting them can be fairly different than typically done with standard "legacy" bulbs.
    • Here are some samples of bulbs below:



If you've never seen these types of lights, you might want order a sample kit that contains a few of each type of pixel.

DETERMINE MOUNTING LOCATION AND METHOD


The process of determining how you mount the selected light is sometimes a process of refinement.  You may need to select a light type (from above) but also at the same time consider how that light will be mounted.  Nearly all pixel types need to be mounted to some sort of substrate or mounting system.  That can be many types of items, from PVC pipe, EMT pipe, rope, banding, custom mounting adapters, steel, plastic sheet, coro and many others.  Why do pixels require this mounting?  Several reasons - the first is that pixels are a bit more fragile than traditional lights and the second is that pixels, in most cases, need to be very accurately aligned and spaced to ensure a consistent appearance.  Remember, each of these lights (or group of lights) is directly referenced in "space" within your sequencing application and thus they need to be in a predictable location and pattern.

An important factor to consider when selecting a mounting location is one thing - your viewer and audience.  If your display is viewed from the road, stand in the road at the same height a typical viewer would see your display.  If your display has lots of foot traffic, look at the display from all the possible angles your viewer would be at.  Placing elements or lights that overlap one another or are only partially visible will distract from the overall effectiveness of your display (e.g. - MegaTree in front of a house outline).  A general rule of thumb is to place larger items to the back of the display (megatrees) and smaller items towards the front (arches, mini-trees).

Start by selecting the mounting location - this will vary based on the element itself but will be defined by the pixel type you've selected.  Here are some general areas to consider for several common projects:
  • RGB Pixel House Outline
    • Make sure that all outlines can be seen from the normal viewing point of your audience.
    • Considering mounting methods that allow easy installation and removal like the HolidayCoro PVC pipe clip.
    • Fasica / soffit
      • On front of fascia - Consider issues such as snow or ice obstruction, daytime "look" and if the mounting system will be left up year round, consider how that will look when the lights are removed leaving the mounting hooks / clips / etc.  
      • Under fascia or soffit - A preferred mounting location when used with year-round installations.  Be aware of the reflection of light off the wall and soffit as this can create undesired "wall washing".
    • Doors / Windows / Garage
    • Roof Line - Make that your audience can actually see the entire roof line.
    • See our blog post for more ideas and factors to consider
  • RGB Pixel MegaTree
    • The first major factor in a MegaTree to consider is the viewing angle and how many degrees your MegaTree needs to be to be fully visible (assuming this is what you want) at all time.  A typical tree will be 180 degrees since all pixels will be pointing away from the center of the tree and most trees because of their size are located at the back of a display, it doesn't make sense to have lights on the back of the tree.
    • A RGB Pixel MegaTree is just a large rectangle matrix of pixels, instead just wrapped in a cone.  As such, you need to mount these pixels consistently with vertical and horizontal spacing.  Pixels can't just be left "dangling" without support or directional assistance.
    • The two most common pixel types are strip and nodes.
      • Strip - Usually limited to 16 ft and is most often supported with EMT or PVC pipe and using zip ties or velcro to attach the strip to the pipe.  Rarely used in 20 ft + MegaTrees.
      • Nodes - Sizes can be 40 feet + usually without issue.  Products like our PixNode Strip(tm) can be used for mounting pixels.  Also consider how the node mounting system will work with your support system.  You may wish to check out the HolidayCoro QuickTree(tm) Pixel MegaTree mounting system.
  • RGB Pixel Arches
    • Nearly all Pixel Arches are built using just three items:
      • 3/4" PVC pipe bent into an arch
      • Zip Ties or Velcro to attach pixel strip to the PVC pipe
      • Rebar (usually 24" to 36" long) put into the ground at an angle and the PVC pipe slid over the top of the rebar.
    • Some people will use diffusers of plastic or other materials to create a more blended color output also but this is not required.
An important part is to think through the entire life cycle when designing your mounting system - consider not only the cost and time to build but also how hard it will be to install, repair if needed and remove from your display.  Also consider storage in the off season.

DETERMINE HOW MANY LIGHTS ARE NEEDED


At this point you should now know what type of light and how you will be mounting that light but a still more important decision - how many of those lights, needs to be determined.  There are some pretty logical factors to consider when selecting your lights, so let's start with an analogy of two other items that use pixels in your daily life and how they can be used to help determine how many lights we might need.

Density vs. Distance
Both the TV in your home and the monitor on your computer, laptop, tablet or phone have one purpose - to convey information to you through a grid of individually controlled RGB pixels and there are some very close associations between those devices and a pixel based element for a holiday display.

Try this - go up to your 55"+ flat screen TV and look closely, at about 2 feet or so from the TV and you'll likely be able to make out the individual pixels and the resulting picture is coarse and grainy but if you stand back to a more normal viewing distance of say 15 feet, you just see a nice smooth picture without a hint of the coarseness.

Now go up to your computer monitor and from the same two foot distance, look for the pixels.  With any modern monitor you won't see the pixels, just like you can't see the pixels on your 55" flat screen from 15 feet away.  Each monitor might have the same  number of pixels but what matters is the density (screen size in this case) of those pixels in relationship to the viewing distance.

What this shows us is that there is a relationship between the spacing of the pixels and the viewing distance from the pixels themselves and RGB pixels used in holiday displays are no different.  Listed below are some general guidelines on the types of pixels, their density and how far is a recommended distance to view them:
Pixel Type Recommended Viewing Distance
8mm Node - 1" Center to Center Spacing 10 to 50 Feet
8mm Node - 2" Center to Center Spacing 20 to 80 Feet
8mm Node - 3" Center to Center Spacing 60 to 120 Feet
60/60 Strip 5 to 40 Feet
60/20 Strip 10 to 60 Feet
48/16 Strip 15 to 80 Feet
30/30 Strip 15 to 60 Feet
30/10 Strip 30 to 170 Feet

So you might ask your self - well, why wouldn't I want more pixels - won't it make my display look better? There are a variety of factors at play here:
  • More pixels doesn't equal better quality at certain distances - For example, a common mistake is that people will want to use 60/60 strip to outline a house with a viewing distance of 150 feet or more.  At that distance it just isn't possible for normal people to see the individual pixels.
  • More pixels is just more channels - For every pixel you add, it adds three additional channels.  While that might not sound bad, going from a common 30/10 strip to a 60/60 strip on a house outline will result in five time more channels.  Those channels then add up to more work for the sequencing application to process, more network data, larger sequence files with larger file sizes and even if you surpass the limits on your controllers channel count - more controllers and all for what?  Nothing that the viewer could see as a difference.
  • More pixels, is more lights, is more power - As you add more pixels, normally you are a adding more lights also for each pixel and this of course increases the overall amount of power.  Increasing light counts increases all kinds of issues - larger gauge wires, more power injection points, more power supplies, more housings and often, more controllers and more money.  Again, unless the viewer could actually make use of those pixels, it was all for nothing.  On a side note - yes, there could be cases where you want a very high level of light output and putting greater density is one way to do that but keep in mind that the way the human eye sees light isn't linear - so doubling the number of lights won't anywhere near double the light a person "sees".  This is the same phenomenon where you can see a red stop light at 12 midnight nearly as well as you can during the brightest part of the day - your eye and brain moderate the amount of light you "see".
  • Color mixing -  Let's use an example of two pixel strips, both viewed from a distance of 75 feet, a common viewing distance for holiday displays.  One strip is 30/10 which means there is one pixel with three LEDs every 4 inches.  The other strip is 60/60 which means that there is one pixel every .65 inch.  Let's then turn on each alternating pixel to red, green, red, green and so on.  When viewed on the 30/10 strip at the 75 foot distance, you are going to see the individual pixels, each 4" long and each pixel will be a distinct color with very little color mixing - it will look like what you expected when you sequenced it.  Now if we view the 60/60 strip, with their .65" spaced pixels, you likely aren't going to get clean red and green alternating colors but instead you are going to get a muted mix of colors mostly as a yellow color.  What happened here?  The strip itself was red, green, etc but since the pixels were so close and the viewer so far away, the colors started to mix when seen by the viewer.  So, as you can see, more isn't always better and can even result in negative results.
The take-away here is that you should select a pixel and pixel density that is relevant to your display.  Keep in mind that some pixel format's pixel density can be adjusted, such as bulbs or nodes but others density is completely fixed, such as with strip.

CALCULATE POWER AND PIXEL COUNTS


We are entering the final stretch and we'll need to take off our design hat and put on our math hat so we can determine how many pixels we will end up with and how much power it will take to run all those pixels.  First you need to start with pixel counts.

For pixels with a fixed distance, this is easy - you just take your distances and divide in the number of pixels and you get the resulting number of pixels in a given distance.  For example, if we have a house outline that has a section that is 20 feet long and we want to use 30/10 pixels strip which has one pixel every 4 inches, we end up with the following:

20 ft * 12 = 240 inches over the length
240 inches / 4 inch pixels = 60 pixels over the 20 ft length

Check with your vendor for specific spacing amounts.  Most pixels will have the following specs:
  • Minimum Spacing - This is the closest two pixels can be installed,  For a "bullet" pixel node it might be about 1.5 inches from center to center.  For other pixels there is no adjustment possible, such as with pixel strip which is fixed in spacing.
  • Maximum Spacing - This is the furthest distance two pixels can be installed apart and the usual limit is based on the length of the wire.  Be careful about "spacing" or "wire" lengths listed by vendors, for example, a pixel node might be listed as 3" spacing but when installed, only have 2.5" spacing.  Make sure to confirm center to center spacing, not just the distance of the wire that was used to assemble the pixels.  Again, some pixels such as strip are fixed in spacing.
  • Maximum Gaps - Keep in mind that with pixels, there is a limit to the distance that can be spanned between them or from the controller to the first pixel.  This limit varies based on a large number of factors but a "safe" number is usually 15 feet with 20 feet often being possible.  If you need to go longer between pixels, you'll need to setup "null" or "ghost" pixels that serve only one purpose - to repeat the data from one pixel to another but are not intended to be used for light output.
We would recommend using a spreadsheet to perform your calculations, such as the one available in the House Outline blog post or one of your own design.  Along with pixel count calculations, it can also be useful for keeping track of channels and assignments to those channels.

Now that you have the actual number of pixels for the project calculated, you are able to calculate the power requirements.  I will caution this is more an art than what should be a science because of the huge number of factors that come into play, including:
  • Accuracy of the posted pixel vendor specifications - Even a difference of a new milliamps of power when multiplied over a few thousand pixels can add up to large differences.  Please note that Chinese specs on items purchased directly out of China are notoriously incorrect.
  • Accuracy of the actual item purchase - It is extremely common for wire gauges to be labelled incorrectly, even down to what is printed on your wire.  That "18 AWG" pixel wire is more likely to actually be 20 or even 22 AWG.  This affects the overall current carrying capacity of the wire.
  • Wire type - Wire in the actual cables can be anything from copper clad aluminium, to copper clad tin to 100% copper and each type of wire has different current carrying capacities.  
  • Wire distances - The overall distances of the wire used will affect the current carrying capacity.  Where possible, always use the shortest possible wire between pixels.  
  • Temperature - Current carrying capacity is affected by the temperature of the wire.  Additionally, as pixels increase in temperature when they are running, resistance increases.
  • Voltage - As voltage goes up, the amount of wattage for the same given cable size will increase.  Of course this is a double edge sword - this results in pre-mature damage to the pixels and additional waste heat.
  • HD Strip - If you are using strip/ribbon, there are Standard (most common) and Heavy Duty strips, check with your vendor for the maximum length of strip before power injection is required.
The only sure way to determine power consumption is to simply measure it.  We have a video here that shows how to measure current on your RGB lights:


To get into the ball park, you can use vendor supplied numbers.  Each vendor is likely to list their power consumption in different ways, so you'll need to get to some common amount and we recommend watts as a point of measurement.  Watts is calculated based on the following formula:

Volts * Amps = Watts
12 Volts * 1 Amp = 12 Watts

For amps, you might see a reference to "mA" also, which is:
1 Amp = 1,000 mA (milliamps)

So, let's use several examples to convert them to Watts:
  • .7 Watts per pixel = .7 Watts or .058 amps @ 12 volts (.7 Watts / 12 Volts)
  • 30mA per pixel = .36 Watts (.03 Amps * 12 Volts)

Of course to determine total wattage, you just multiply the watts per pixel, so a 50 count pixel string with 30mA pixels would be 18 Watts or 1.5 amps @ 12 volts.

Gather all this information and put it into your spreadsheet along with the pixel counts.

SELECT THE CONTROLLER(S)

We've arrived at the point that ironicly most people are worried about which often is one of the easier parts (considering the complexity of power calculations) - picking the pixel controller or controllers needed to operate all your pixels.  

Let's start with one common issue - power, yes, it seems like we were done with that but there are still a few things to consider.  Controllers will be rated in Amp per output and a common amount is around 5 amps.  Let's say that you have a string of pixels that you've calculated will require 8 amps - you might go looking for a controller that will handle 8 amps and then wonder why someone doesn't sell one like that - it is for a good reason and it has to do with resistance.  Since pixels are small with little tiny circuit boards that have small places to solder small gauge wire to, there is always a limit to how much current can be passed down the common 18-20 AWG wires found in pixels before it just won't go any further.  For an example of this, see this video:


What you can see in the video above is - it just doesn't matter how powerful the power supply is or how much power the controller can provide, there is just a limit to how much power you can "push" down a small group of wires.  So what do you do about this?  This is where power injection comes in and this process is where you bring power from the same power supply that supplies the controller and inject it later down the line in the middle or end of the pixels.  Here is an example of what that looks like:

Injecting Power with Pixels
So, this explains why it only partially matters what the output current of your controller is as there is a limit to how much power could even be supplied from the controller to the furthest lights on long strings of lights.

There are just a few areas that you need to know to pick the right controller and they are:
  • Power per Output - Each controller is going to have a rated amount for how much current can be output over a single connection.  Do NOT go by fuse value as the fuse isn't there to "limit" the current, it is there to prevent a short of wiring.  In fact, it is highly likely that you could hook up many more amps of lights than the rated output and the fuse will still not blow as a result of the resistance from the wire and lights themselves.  When in doubt - pull out a meter and measure it - you might be surprised.
  • Power per Bank - In a 16 output pixel controller it is common that the controller will be broken, from a power standpoint, into two banks and that those banks are often around 24-30 amps.  There is a good reason for this - this also happens to be the standard amount of power of a 350 Watt power supply (12v @ 29 amps).  If all the lights connected to both banks are less than the total amount of power supplied by the power supply, a single power supply can then supply both banks of power, otherwise you may need to break the power into two banks with two separate power supplies.
  • Power per Controller - This is the total power for both banks combined.
  • Pixels per Output / Controller - Controllers have varying different limits of pixels they can control.  Those limits are along a single output, such as 170 pixels or 680 pixels per physical output.  So, when you are laying out which strings or runs of pixels need to be connected to a given output on the controller, be aware of power but also be aware of the need to limit the pixel count if the controller isn't able to handle it - or upgrade to a controller that can handle your needed pixel count.
Most other features are going to be pretty common on most pixel controllers, things like protocol support, null pixels and channel configuration.  You can find HolidayCoro Pixel controllers here.

SELECT THE SEQUENCING SOFTWARE

This actually is the easiest part since nearly all controllers, including all pixel controllers from HolidayCoro work with all the common sequencing software on the market today - and even many other non-sequencing applications.  So, it is a simple matter of picking one that fits your budget, features and comfort level.   Here is a list of sequencing applications, plus some various different factors on each one.  Please note that a number of items in this chart are based on opinion:


Application Name Price Range Complexity Functionality Self-Sequencing Support Notes
Light-O-Rama S3 Advanced $140-$440
Free trial
Moderate Moderate With SuperStar Lights (expensive)

With Nutcracker123 (complicated but free)
Well supported Advanced version must be used for use with DMX Controllers.  Most common and well supported sequencing application.

Can be complicated to setup.

LOR generally refuses to support or troubleshoot with 3rd party hardware.
LightShow Pro $99-$399
Free trial
Very High High to Very High depending on your skills Yes, built into the product Poor support Often requires work arounds. Very functional app but requires a lot of time to get up to speed.
Vixen 3 Free High Varies / Depends on Forum and source
Hinkle's Light Sequencing Application Free Moderate Moderate Varies / Depends on Forum and source.  See DIYC Forum.

Since most paid vendors have trial editions, this allows you to tinker with the applications and determine if it feels right to you.  A big part of selecting a sequencing application will depend on what you are using now, where you like to get your support (phone, forum, Facebook, etc.) and of course your budget.

SELECT THE METHOD OF SEQUENCE GENERATION

There seem to be two camps when it comes to sequencing - there is the "I'll do it myself" and "I'll use pre-sequenced songs".  There are pros and cons to each method:

  • DIY Sequencing
    • PRO's  
      • Each sequence will reflect your ability, good or bad on how YOU want your display to feel.
      • You won't have to hunt down sequences or pay for sequences (typically high pixel count sequences run in the $20 to $40 range).
      • The sequence will be 100% customized to your display and won't need to be "tweaked" to fit your display elements.
    • CON's
      • Sequencing can take from hours per minute of music (high quality, hand sequenced) to an hour per song (lower quality, generic, computer sequenced).
      • You'll need to learn how to use "self sequencing" applications like LightShow Pro, Xlights Nutcracker or SuperStar lights.)  Depending on your skill , this can take hours to days.
  • Purchase Pre-Sequenced Songs
    • PRO's
      • If your element (Megatrees are the most common) matches up perfectly to the pixel count in the sequence, it can be truly plug-n-play.
      • Allows you to use high quality hand-sequenced songs from others with more skill in this area.
      • Vendors should be able to help you with loading and minor customization of your sequence as part of the cost of the sequence purchase.
    • CON's
      • If your element, in particular house outlines, doesn't "match up" to the sequence from the vendor, it can be a lot of work to adjust it to match the channel count and design of your display.
      • It costs more in initial outlay.  Of course this doesn't factor in if you place a cost on your time.
The major issue today with pixels is that baring a few element types like MegaTrees, there is just about zero standardization.  So, if you purchase a pre-sequenced song for someone that has a house outline with 500 pixels and your house has 800 pixel on an outline, it can be fairly complicated (depending on the application) to adapt it over to meet your specific needs.  

The problem today is that there isn't really a perfect application out there.  Even when I started with pixels back in 2010 I could see that the software would always be a problem (see the Death of the Grid article).  I must say that while people have made strides in minor improvements and add-ons, we've yet to see the big money project to make a truly well designed sequencing application.  But, that said, don't let this sway you, even with the tools today it is possible to make some really amazing displays.

CONCLUSION

While we've tried to boil down the process of designing a pixel based element to as few elements as possible, the process can be a bit daunting for some.  Don't worry - start with a single project and we are sure, like nearly all our customers, that you'll be able to be doing better and better projects before you know it!

Have a great season from HolidayCoro.com!

If you have any feedback or corrections, please feel free to leave them below.  If you have questions, please direct them to our website feedback page for the quickest answer.




24 April 2013

Outlining Your House in RGB Lights - Detailed Instructions

Updated 25-Aug-2015 with Brilliant Bubs and Updated Spredsheet

In our prior blog article – Outlining Your House in RGB Lights – A Primer we covered the high level decisions that needed to be made when designing system for RGB lights on the fascia of a house.  This article, unlike the first, provides in-depth information on how to layout and spec such a design.  Not included in this article are the specific step-by-step instructions on how to wire controllers, wire power supplies, how to solder or any other physical setup – but don’t worry – that is actually the easy part, it is the design that most people find the more complicated part.  I should also mention, just as our blog article No Free Rides – Cheap Isn’t Free When It Comes to RGB – there isn't an “off the shelf” solution for doing this – each house, each display, each budget and each level of skill is different and the only person that knows all these requirements is yourself.  So, expect to spend some time doing research for a complete solution.

One last thing - if you have not already done so, be sure to start with our RGB Projects Primer post.  This post covers all the major steps you need to consider when designing a pixel based project.
Ok, so let’s get started.  We have selected the house of Nathanial R. to build this real-world sample project from.  This house (shown below) has many areas that need to be covered – 19 in all, so this house will serve as a good example of how a house with many complex roof lines can be handled.

 

Design – Always the first step

Often people try to determine which hardware will fit their house without first starting with a design.  The absolute best method is to always start with a design prior to purchasing anything.  Design can comprise many aspects but in essence it is – What do you what your display to look like?
Normally you would look at the entire house/display and determine all the elements that you wanted to add – mini-trees, megatrees, bush lights, candy canes, cutouts, garland, icicles, borders, etc. and then create separate “projects” to focus on each one.  In this case we are focusing on a sub-element of Nathanial’s display – to outline the fascia of his house with RGB pixel lights.  He has already determined that he likes this look but just isn't sure what is required and the issues involved in the project.
So, start this project by going outside and taking a photo of your house from the approximate location(s) that your viewing audience will view your display.  These photos will serve to allow you to sketch out your design and to also layout measurements, cable routing locations, controller locations and other relevant information.

 

Smart or Dumb?

This is the first major intersection on your project – you need to determine if you want to go the dumb RGB or Smart RGB route.  Here are some of the pros and cons of each for this project:

RGB Smart/Intelligent/Pixel
RGB Dumb/Basic
Lighting Costs
Smart RGB modules and strip are about 10-30% more expensive than dumb of the same physical items (modules, nodes, strip).
Lights are about 10-30% cheaper than Smart.
Lighting Functionality
Smart RGB lights can be controlled either by individual lights or in small sections (usually less than 3” each).
Dumb RGB lights cannot be controlled individually – all lights attached to a controller will be the same color and intensity.
Controller Costs
Smart RGB controllers are about 50% to 100% more but generally you need fewer since pixels can be used with power injection.
Controllers are less expensive but you are likely to need more of them along with more power wiring.  Long runs are extremely complicated to perform with dumb RGB.
Controller Functionality
Smart pixel controllers are able to control each light or small section of lights individually.
Dumb controllers can only control a string of lights, not individual lights within the string.

Today, in 2015, it is hard to make a good case from going with dumb RGB for a house outline in all but  few cases.  Pixel solutions are easier setup than dumb and the cost differences are minimal when all other factors are included.  If you are going dumb RGB outline, you should know why it was selected over smart.

A few caveats on this – some people would design this using pixels and using either functions in their software or controller, would limit the control to sections or controller outputs.  Some pixel controllers have an option to control an entire length of pixels with just three DMX channels instead of each pixel with three individual DMX channels.  This allows simplicity in setup and sequencing at the trade-off control but still allows moving to a full pixel display later on down the road when you are ready to do so.
For simplicity and brevity, we will be focusing only on pixels in this case since this is the direction that Nathanial has decided to go - though you will find dumb or basic RGB have many similar design requirements (power, signal) but just slightly different hardware (controllers and lights) than pixels.

 

House Measurements

An absolute requirement for this project is to determine where you want your RGB lights to be located.  To do this you will first need to determine where you will be installing them and how you will be installing them.  We won’t delve into specific mounting methods as there are just too many options depending on your house constructions and overall look you are going for – such as under soffit “wall washing” instead of fascia mounted or directly viewable RGB lights.  (See our budget PVC pipe mounting method here and our high-end aluminium mounting strip here.)
So, get out your ladder, tape measure, thinking cap and determine the exact length of each section where you wish to place the RGB lights and record it on the photo of your house.  When you are done you should end up with a photo that looks something like this: 

You can see that he has measured each and every section of the fascia that he intends to mount the RGB lights to.
Why does it matter that you are accurate in the measurements you take?  The reason is that, depending on the RGB lights you intend to use, even just several inches of RGB pixel lights could result in 3 to 6 DMX channels and if you miss a few inches here, a few feet there, your final design could be off several dozen or hundreds of channels depending on the size of your display.  This is not to even mention the issues in properly calculating the power consumption.

 

Selecting RGB LED Types

The next step is to determine the actual type of RGB Pixel LEDs you will be using.  Which pixel type you select depends on a number of factors, such as the density of lights and control you want, the amount of cost you want to expend, the type of “look” you are going for and a number of other minor factors.  Let’s go through some of the areas you should be looking at when you select the type of RGB pixels you intend to use:
·         The “look” you want to achieve – There are a variety of different types of pixels on the market – nodes (with and without diffusers), strip and modules.  You need to determine the type of look you want – is it a more retro look like with C7/C9 diffused RGB nodes or do you like the close spacing in strip that offers a more “neon” appearance?
·         Costs – Each different type of RGB light has different costs.  Some of this cost can be a result of a better quality pixel, level of control it offers or density the RGB lights in the pixel.  Typically, strip lighting is always going to be the lowest cost method of getting RGB lighting onto a house outline.
·         Mounting – Each pixel type has a different method of mounting.  Some may be able to use existing mounts such as those based on C7/C9 devices (rare) or they may require a mounting substrate (PVC pipe, 1"x2", etc).  Think about how you will be mounting the type of RGB pixel you select and what effects it will have on the mounting method and the cost of that method.  Also keep in mind how complex it will be to mount and dis-mount the pixels – saving 50 cents per pixel won’t seem like a great deal if it takes you two times as long to mount them.

 

The Number Crunching

A this point you have now selected the types of lights you want to use and you have collected the lengths of each section on your house that the lights will cover.  The next step is to enter this data into our spreadsheet.  This spreadsheet (requires MS Excel 2007 or later) only requires you to enter each of the lengths (sections) within your project and select the type of light (strip, module, node) you wish to use and it will then output costs, number of RGB and DMX channels and power requirements.  This gets you part of the way toward your final design and it also allows you to play around with different lighting to determine channel counts and costs but it can’t completely design your display because there are just too many factors to take into account.  There are many small but important decisions that need to be made based on the specifics of your house and design.  Here are some of the issues:
·         Location (and type) of controller(s) – There are three basic options for pixel controllers – a centralized controller solution, a de-centralized controller solution and a mixed centralized/de-centralized controller solution.
o   Centralized – These controllers, such as the AlphaPix 4 and AlphaPix 16, are units that take an input of DMX data (over Ethernet using the E1.31 protocol) and output over 4 or 16 outputs (separate strings or DMX universes).  This means that you can hookup a single string of RGB pixels, ranging from 320 (AlphaPix 16) to 680 (AlphaPix 4) pixels per controller output.  There are some issues here though – there is usually a limit to the length of distance between the controller output and the start of your string of lights and these limits vary but are often (with most pixels HolidayCoro sells) around 15 to 20 ft.
o   De-Centralized – These controllers, such as the EasyPix allow you to take an input of DMX data (from a DMX dongle, such as the ActiDongle or from the RS485 output of our AlphaPix controllers (3 on the AlphaPix 16 or 1 on the AlphaPix 4) and output the data to a pixel string, usually up to 170 pixels per controller.
o   Mixed Centralized & De-Centralized – There maybe cases, most often with large houses or wide spaces, where it makes sense to use a mix of these two controller types.
o   Power Management – Just as important as getting a data signal to pixels is getting the proper amount of power to the pixels and there are a myriad of issues involved, such as:
o   Cable/wire gauge – This is a complex issue but it really boils down to ensuring that for the amount of power you will be using, that you have sufficient method to get it to where it is needed and this means using a wire gauge that meets that need.  We've talked about this in our “Technical Guide to RGB Wire Selectionarticle, so we suggest starting there.  Be aware that the wire gauge involved isn't just that leader cable from the power supply to the pixel but the actual gauge of the wire inside the pixels themselves.
o   Power consumption of each pixel (or group of lights that make-up a pixel) – The spreadsheet will help with this calculation but also be aware that there is a limit to the number of pixels that can be run in a continuous length due to power consumption by the pixels themselves.  Some pixels may only be able to be run continuously in lengths of 40, 50 (common in 5v pixel nodes), 100 or they may be able to take a single injection of power at the start and run for a full universe of 170 pixels (510 DMX channels).  For most of HolidayCoro's pixels, you'll find a information on power consumption and length limits before power injection is required.

This is why you see 12v pixels vs. 5v pixels.  A 5v pixel is closer to the actual voltage of the LED and IC chip using the power and thus is more efficient as where 12v has to be “dropped” down by use of a voltage regulator circuit (not as common) or dropping resistors which waste the power.  The trade off is that you generally can run 12v strings of pixels, given the same gauge wire, longer distances than you can 5v pixels without the need to re-inject power as often.  This is an entirely separate and complex discussion.  In general, you'll find it "easier" to work with 12v RGB lighting which is more forgiving than 5v lighting which requires more accurate planning and power management.

 

The Real World

Now that we've covered many of the basics, we are ready to turn our attention back to Nathanial’s house and start working through the design.  First, we input the data into the spreadsheet (version 2.1 / 25-Aug-2015) and select RGB pixel strip as the type of lighting we want to use (RGB Pixel Strip in this case):


This provides us with some important starting points:
·         The total number of DMX channels is 1,308 and since each DMX universe is 512 (actually 510 for pixels or 3 channels * 170 pixels), we end up with needing 3 universes.
·         We will need a total of 436 RGB sections and/or RGB channels
·         We will need about 324 watts of power
So, now let’s go back to the photo of the house and the location of each section of RGB strip he intends to use:

The first issue we need to address is that with some controllers (does not apply to HolidayCoro AlphaPix controllers) no one continuous length of strip can be more than 170 RGB pixels/channels (510 DMX channels - Red, Green, Blue channels * 170 pixels) in a typical controller.  As a result, we need to look at logical sections that might be a continuous length and determine if they are under 170 RGB channels or less.  If we look at the front section of the garage facing the street, we have a total of 26 linear feet of strip we need to place.  We can see that the spreadsheet has calculated that this is a total of 80 RGB channels – OK, good there, what about if we include the side of the garage over the garage doors at 34 feet.  We get 182 RGB channels – nope, can’t do that, its 12 RGB channels over the output of any single output (170) so our options are to either adjust the lengths and remove a section, or break it down into two sections.  We are going to go with two sections for the garage section – with 80 RGB channels for the front of the garage facing the street and 102 RGB channels for the section of the garage over the garage doors.
We’ll do the same for the top of the house with the sections that are 8.5’ + 8.5’ + 1’ + 9’ + 15’ + 11’ for a total of 53’ linear feet and a total of 160 RGB channels.  Then for the bottom section of the front of the house at 6.5’ + 6.5’ + 9’ + 9’ for a total of 31’ or 94 RGB channels.  So, to summarize, we have the following segments:
·         Garage Front:  80 RGB Channels & 240 DMX channels
·         Garage Entry:  102 RGB Channels & 306 DMX Channels
·         Front House Top:  160 RGB Channels & 480 DMX Channels
·         Front House Bottom:  94 RGB Channels & 282 DMX Channels
You can see these numbers match perfectly to the spreadsheet calculations of 436 RGB channels and 1,308 DMX channels.  Of course this assumes that your controller can handle a total of 170 RGB channels per “output” – adjust as necessary to meet the specific requirements of your pixel controller.

Power Distribution

This is where things can get a little tricky – while we will be selecting a controller that can output a total of 170 RGB channels, that doesn't mean that if we apply power to the start of the strip (in this case), that a sufficient amount of power will make it to the very end.  As power runs down the strip, most of the power is lost to the LEDs using the power and the remainder is lost to the resistance in the strip itself or the wire between modules.  So, we go back to the spreadsheet again and we look at the power consumption for a given grouping of sections.  We get:
·         Garage Front:  60 Watts
·         Garage Entry:  76 Watts
·         Front House Top:  119 Watts
·         Front House Bottom:  70 Watts
Here is where it gets a little grey – you can check with your lighting vendor and they may list voltage drop over a given length of RGB pixel – say, input of 12v, 11.5v at 50 pixels, 8.5v at 100 pixels and 6v at 150 pixels but that isn’t common, so more than likely you’ll need to measure this yourself.  How you do this is:
·         Hookup a section of RGB pixels, say 50 or 100 to your pixel controller
·         Using your sequencing application, the built in test function of your controller or a test tool like xLights, output a solid white to all the lights on the section you are testing.  I’d recommend leaving it on for 15 to 30 minutes to let it warm up, which will result in a slightly higher power drop.
·         Using a multi-meter/VOM, measure the voltage coming directly out of the controller to the lights – record this voltage
·         Again, using the mutli-meter/VOM, measure the voltage coming out the last pixel on the string – record this voltage
You should notice a drop in voltage at the end of the pixel section.  How much of a drop is bad?  Well that depends.  Usually less than 10-20% is ok, over that amount you could run into problems either with a dimming of the lights at the end of the string or in the worst case, if the voltage drops low enough, below that required by the IC chip to operate, your pixels will have “random” failures as the voltage fluctuate from high to below what is required for the IC to operate.  This is why running 12v pixels can sometimes be less fraught with issues than 5v pixels.  For example, look at these hypothetical voltage drop examples:
·         Input:  12v / Output:  7v | 5v total drop – A total drop of 41%
·         Input:  5v / Output: 3v | 2v total drop – A total drop of 40%
So, even though the 12v pixels dropped a higher voltage, it was still the same percentage of drop when compared to the 5V dropping to 3v.  Now this is where it gets a bit complicated.  Say that the power has dropped to 3v at the end of that hypothetical string of 5v pixels – normally a pixel chip requires around 5v of power to operate but some pixels actually can take lower levels of power and still maintain operation and a the same level of light output.  For example, WS2801 pixels can run on voltages from 3.3 to 5.5v DC (12v strings that use 2801 drop the power down by using resistors) and maintain a constant current to the LED (thus ensuring they are all the same brightness) but TM1804’s are constant voltage and the LEDs will dim over long runs without power injection.  There are also side issues such as power losses on 12v pixels but that maybe a mute issue for those in snowy areas that find value in a “heated” pixel.
We would always recommend testing your build before and after construction because nothing will be more frustrating than putting all this up only to learn that you’ll need to re-wire it because of power issues.
What do you do if the power drop is too great?  We’ll you’ll need to split the power about half-way down the line, and then using a higher gauge wire (14 AWG and up is always a good start) from the power supply up at the start of the string, carry the power down to the split – the data will pass right through (it is regenerated at each pixel).  This diagram shows and example of the power injection:

 

Controller Placement

We’ve already touched upon the three different types of controllers – centralized, de-centralized and a combination approach.  Now it comes down to the actual placement of those controllers.  There are three additional major items to consider here, other than the controllers themselves – where the DMX is coming from (and how much it costs), the overall cost of the controller(s) and distances from controller to the strings they are driving.
DMX Signal Source – There are two major methods of DMX signal generation:
·         Serial based DMX output dongles – these devices (such as the ActiDongle) connect to a PC via a USB port and appear usually a as “COM” port or similar interface.  Each dongle outputs 512 DMX channels to an RS-485 line (see our blog article on RS485.)  These are used with controllers that take a DMX over RS485 connection.
·         Ethernet based DMX output – some controllers (AlphaPix 4 and the AlphaPix 16) take a direct Ethernet connection into the controller and use the E1.31 protocol which is basically DMX running over TCP/IP (running over Ethernet.)  While somewhat more complicated to setup, E1.31 offers huge numbers of DMX universes in a single data cable.  This means that you could have as many as 16,320 DMX channels on a single CAT5 Ethernet cable to a single controller.
Controller Costs – In almost all cases, it is less expensive to hook up a E1.31 based controller to drive pixels (as low at $129 USD) vs an RS485 based dongle ($50) and a pixel controller ($40) - the difference being that the E1.31 controller could handle 2,720 pixels and the RS485 based controller could only handle 170 pixels. 
Here are some of the thought processes I go through when looking at this design:
·         If the controller supports forward or reverse addressing, I'm not limited to putting the controller on the left side with the strip going to the right (left right addressing is easier and more common.)  So when I look at the house I see at the front corner of the garage two different start/ends occur which could allow me to place one dual output controller there along with a power supply.  I also see the same thing above the front door where the top of the bottom sections of the house come to two points.  All HolidayCoro pixel controllers support forward and reverse addressing.
·         I know I’ll need four outputs since we have already determined that we need four separate sections of strip.  I also can tell that I need to keep the strip under about 30ft to avoid power problems so for the section on the top of the house (30 LED/10 ICs or Pixels per Meter) I’ll need to do power injection but for the other sections I should be ok for power injected at one end of the strip.  Again, you'll need to do your own testing here to determine maximum length.
·         I could place a single, centralized controller on the wall above the front door but I need to consider that it will have long lengths from the controller to the start of the strings (much more so for the string on the front of the garage) and while I could use ghost pixels to repeat the distance, I still would be using a large controller in an awkward spot and I would have a controller with a lot of extra outputs that I won’t use (in this design.)
·         I could use single or dual output controllers and place them at the corner of the garage and above the front door and that would remove my issues with distances but would still mean that I would have controllers in an awkward spot directly in the front of the house.

So, what was the final design decision?  A centralized controller.  This was selected for the following reasons:
·         Ghost/Phantom/Null pixels can be used to repeat the signal from the centralized location where the controller is located to the start of the string.  That resolves the issue with distance (within reason.)
·         The additional outputs of the controller (16 outputs total) can be used for other elements within the display.
·         In this design the power requirements (324 watts) match up well with a single 350 watt power supply.  This isn't to say that more power could be required - test, test, test!
·         This allows a E.131 connection without additional dongles – so one cable for all the channels required.
Here is a photo showing the final layout:

·         The green lines are power (12v DC in this case) using a minimum of 16 AWG wire
·         The purple lines are data (SPI) signals from the controller to the strip
·         The green circles are where power injection on the strip occurs
·         The blue square is the 350 watt power supplies (or supply)
·         The red square is 8 to 16 output pixel controller
·         The orange lines are the pixel strip
·         Black dots are estimates for locations of null/ghost pixels
Our overall hardware costs for this project are:
·         $175 for AlphaPix pixel controller
·         $40 for 12v, 350w power supply
·         $70 for misc wire (extensions and bare wire)
·         $60 for mounting substrate and clips (estimate)
·         $70 misc additional costs (screws, connectors, etc)
·         $770 Total
So there you have it – while this is a very lengthy article for a blog posting, it doesn't encompass EVERY feature, function or possibility – this article should help you work out the major issues in completing a project of similar nature.  You will also notice that we have not even covered the software side of this project – setup of E1.31, configuration of the channels within a sequencing application or even issues involved with sequencing 1,308 channels which is a project unto itself.  We hope to tackle this issue in future blog articles, so stay tuned!
Please note that due to the number of requests we receive, HolidayCoro is unable to provide free design services due to the amount of time it requires to evaluate each individual solution.  We do however, offer consulting services if you should need them.
Thank you,
David
HolidayCoro.com


27-Mar-2016
Here is a follow up video that shows a design process using RGB nodes: